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On average, annual rainfall was 1.09 m and annual snowfall was 0.58 m. Within the metropolitan zone, there were 9.64 people/ha versus the more rural western portion of the county with 1.24 people/ha. The study sites were within the metropolitan boundary of Howard County characterized by increased urban development and population density.
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This research was conducted within 3 public parks in Howard County, Maryland, approximately 29 km south of Baltimore, MD, and 43 km north of Washington D.C. Nor is it well understood how often or during which times deer visit ‘4-Poster’ feeders, which is potentially consequential for their overall utility. While baiting has been shown to concentrate animals in specific areas, it is not fully understood if baiting protocols used for ‘4-Poster’ operations increase site-specific deer densities on the landscape, especially in overpopulated suburban areas. (2012) reviewed past deer baiting papers and concluded that supplemental feeding can disrupt movement patterns, but impacts were highly variable. However, feeding sites can concentrate animals in high densities and exacerbate ecological issues in localized areas such as browse damage, intraspecific competition that disproportionately restricts certain individuals from food sources, and disease transmission such as chronic wasting disease (CWD). Supplemental feed or bait can be any artificial food source that is provided for the purposes of viewing, hunting, nutritional supplementation, or management. While the unintended effects of ‘4-Poster’ feeders on deer and deer behavior are less understood, there are many studies that have investigated the presence of supplemental feed or bait. However, use of bait (e.g., corn, mineral licks, etc.) as an attractant is a controversial management tool, and the aspect of feeding deer via the ‘4-Poster’ station has caused them to be illegal in several states. The ‘4-Poster’ feeders have been found to effectively reduce tick abundances in localized areas immediately surrounding the feeder or in an island situation but were deemed better suited for an integrated control approach utilizing multiple management tools.
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The literature pertaining to ‘4-Poster’ effectiveness for tick reduction is ample. While feeding on whole kernel corn from special bins, deer contact paint rollers saturated with specially formulated Tickicide ® (4-Poster Tickicide ®, Y-Tex Corporation, Cody, WY, USA) with 10% permethrin as the active ingredient. Daniels, Inc., Ellicott City, MD, USA) developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) (Patent # 5,367,983) to attract deer to baited stations for the self-application of pesticides to control ticks. One such IPM strategy is the ‘4-Poster’ feeder station (Dandux Outdoors, C.R. As such, trade-offs between conflicting management goals should be carefully considered when deploying ‘4-Poster’ stations. Although these nuanced alterations in behavior may not be strong enough to increase local deer abundance, in light of infectious diseases affecting deer populations and effective ‘4-Poster’ densities, the core range shifts and clustering after refilling bait may be a cause for concern. Males used a higher percentage of available feeders and visited them more throughout the deployment periods. After feeders were refilled, collared deer were ~5% closer to feeders and conspecifics than before filling. Overall, 83.3% of collared deer visited a feeder and revisited approximately every 5 days. To quantify the effects of ‘4-Poster’ stations, we calculated deer movement metrics before and after feeders were filled with whole kernel corn, and we gathered information on visitation rates to feeders. Fifteen ‘4-Poster’ stations were deployed among three suburban county parks to control ticks. To better understand and manage the impact of baited ‘4-Poster’ stations on deer movements, we captured and GPS-monitored 35 deer as part of an integrated pest management project. Although effective in certain scenarios, ‘4-Poster’ deer treatment stations require the use of bait to attract deer to one location, which may cause increased deer disease transmission rates and habitat damage. The ‘4-Poster’ deer bait station was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture to control ticks feeding on free-ranging deer. Deer are keystone hosts for adult ticks and have enabled the spread of tick distributions.